10 research outputs found
Electrochemical treatment of human waste coupled with molecular hydrogen production
We have developed a wastewater treatment system that incorporates an electrolysis cell for on-site wastewater treatment coupled with molecular hydrogen production for use in a hydrogen fuel cell. Herein, we report on the efficacy of a laboratory-scale wastewater electrolysis cell (WEC) using real human waste for the first time with semiconductor electrode utilizing a mixed particle coating of bismuth oxide doped titanium dioxide (BiO_x/TiO_2). A comprehensive environmental analysis has been coupled together with a robust kinetic model under the chemical reaction limited regime to investigate the role of various redox reactions mediated by chloride present in human waste. The oxidative elimination of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonium ion can be modelled using empirical, pseudo-first-order rate constants and current efficiencies (CE). In combination with an anaerobic pre-treatment step, human waste containing high-levels of COD, protein, and color are eliminated within 6 hours of batch treatment in the WEC. The reactor effluent has a residual inorganic total nitrogen (TN) concentration of [similar]40 mM. The CE and specific energy consumption were 8.5% and 200 kWh per kgCOD for the COD removal, 11% and 260 for kWh per kgTN for the TN conversion. The CE and energy efficiencies (EE) for hydrogen production were calculated to be 90% and 25%, respectively
Electrochemical Production of Hydrogen Coupled with the Oxidation of Arsenite
The production of hydrogen accompanied by the simultaneous oxidation of arsenite (As(III)) was achieved using an electrochemical system that employed a BiO_xāTiO_2 semiconductor anode and a stainless steel (SS) cathode in the presence of sodium chloride (NaCl) electrolyte. The production of H_2 was enhanced by the addition of As(III) during the course of water electrolysis. The synergistic effect of As(III) on H_2 production can be explained in terms of (1) the scavenging of reactive chlorine species (RCS), which inhibit the production of H_2 by competing with water molecules (or protons) for the electrons on the cathode, by As(III) and (2) the generation of protons, which are more favorably reduced on the cathode than water molecules, through the oxidation of As(III). The addition of 1.0 mM As(III) to the electrolyte at a constant cell voltage (E_(cell)) of 3.0 V enhanced the production of H2 by 12% even though the cell current (I_(cell)) was reduced by 5%. The net effect results in an increase in the energy efficiency (EE) for H_2 production (ĪEE) by 17.5%. Furthermore, the value ĪEE, which depended on As(III) concentration, also depended on the applied E_(cell). For example, the ĪEE increased with increasing As(III) concentration in the micromolar range but decreased as a function of E_(cell). This is attributed to the fact that the reactions between RCS and As(III) are influenced by both RCS concentration depending on E_(cell) and As(III) concentration in the solution. On the other hand, the ĪEE decreased with increasing As(III) concentration in the millimolar range due to the adsorption of As(V) generated from the oxidation of As(III) on the semiconductor anode. In comparison to the electrochemical oxidation of certain organic compounds (e.g., phenol, 4-chlorophenol, 2-chlorophenol, salicylic acid, catechol, maleic acid, oxalate, and urea), the ĪEE obtained during As(III) oxidation (17.5%) was higher than that observed during the oxidation of the above organic compounds (ĪEE = 3.0ā15.3%) with the exception of phenol at 22.1%. The synergistic effect of As(III) on H_2 production shows that an energetic byproduct can be produced during the remediation of a significant inorganic pollutant
Effects of Anodic Potential and Chloride Ion on Overall Reactivity in Electrochemical Reactors Designed for Solar-Powered Wastewater Treatment
We have investigated electrochemical treatment of real domestic wastewater coupled with simultaneous production of molecular H2 as useful byproduct. The electrolysis cells employ multilayer semiconductor anodes with electroactive bismuth-doped TiO_2 functionalities and stainless steel cathodes. DC-powered laboratory-scale electrolysis experiments were performed under static anodic potentials (+2.2 or +3.0 V NHE) using domestic wastewater samples, with added chloride ion in variable concentrations. Greater than 95% reductions in chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonium ion were achieved within 6 h. In addition, we experimentally determined a decreasing overall reactivity of reactive chlorine species toward COD with an increasing chloride ion concentration under chlorine radicals (ClĀ·, Cl2āĀ·) generation at +3.0 V NHE. The current efficiency for COD removal was 12% with the lowest specific energy consumption of 96 kWh kgCODā1 at the cell voltage of near 4 V in 50 mM chloride. The current efficiency and energy efficiency for H2 generation were calculated to range from 34 to 84% and 14 to 26%, respectively. The hydrogen comprised 35 to 60% by volume of evolved gases. The efficacy of our electrolysis cell was further demonstrated by a 20 L prototype reactor totally powered by a photovoltaic (PV) panel, which was shown to eliminate COD and total coliform bacteria in less than 4 h of treatment
Electrochemical treatment of human waste coupled with molecular hydrogen production
We have developed a wastewater treatment system that incorporates an electrolysis cell for on-site wastewater treatment coupled with molecular hydrogen production for use in a hydrogen fuel cell. Herein, we report on the efficacy of a laboratory-scale wastewater electrolysis cell (WEC) using real human waste for the first time with semiconductor electrode utilizing a mixed particle coating of bismuth oxide doped titanium dioxide (BiOx/TiO2). A comprehensive environmental analysis has been coupled together with a robust kinetic model under the chemical reaction limited regime to investigate the role of various redox reactions mediated by chloride present in human waste. The oxidative elimination of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonium ion can be modelled using empirical, pseudo-first-order rate constants and current efficiencies (CE). In combination with an anaerobic pre-treatment step, human waste containing high-levels of COD, protein, and color are eliminated within 6 hours of batch treatment in the WEC. The reactor effluent has a residual inorganic total nitrogen (TN) concentration of similar to 40 mM. The CE and specific energy consumption were 8.5% and 200 kWh per kgCOD for the COD removal, 11% and 260 for kWh per kgTN for the TN conversion. The CE and energy efficiencies (EE) for hydrogen production were calculated to be 90% and 25%, respectively.1126sciescopu
Electrochemical Production of Hydrogen Coupled with the Oxidation of Arsenite
The production of hydrogen accompanied
by the simultaneous oxidation
of arsenite (AsĀ(III)) was achieved using an electrochemical system
that employed a BiO<sub><i>x</i></sub>āTiO<sub>2</sub> semiconductor anode and a stainless steel (SS) cathode in the presence
of sodium chloride (NaCl) electrolyte. The production of H<sub>2</sub> was enhanced by the addition of AsĀ(III) during the course of water
electrolysis. The synergistic effect of AsĀ(III) on H<sub>2</sub> production
can be explained in terms of (1) the scavenging of reactive chlorine
species (RCS), which inhibit the production of H<sub>2</sub> by competing
with water molecules (or protons) for the electrons on the cathode,
by AsĀ(III) and (2) the generation of protons, which are more favorably
reduced on the cathode than water molecules, through the oxidation
of AsĀ(III). The addition of 1.0 mM AsĀ(III) to the electrolyte at a
constant cell voltage (<i>E</i><sub>cell</sub>) of 3.0 V
enhanced the production of H<sub>2</sub> by 12% even though the cell
current (<i>I</i><sub>cell</sub>) was reduced by 5%. The
net effect results in an increase in the energy efficiency (EE) for
H<sub>2</sub> production (ĪEE) by 17.5%. Furthermore, the value
ĪEE, which depended on AsĀ(III) concentration, also depended
on the applied <i>E</i><sub>cell</sub>. For example, the
ĪEE increased with increasing AsĀ(III) concentration in the micromolar
range but decreased as a function of <i>E</i><sub>cell</sub>. This is attributed to the fact that the reactions between RCS and
AsĀ(III) are influenced by both RCS concentration depending on <i>E</i><sub>cell</sub> and AsĀ(III) concentration in the solution.
On the other hand, the ĪEE decreased with increasing AsĀ(III)
concentration in the millimolar range due to the adsorption of AsĀ(V)
generated from the oxidation of AsĀ(III) on the semiconductor anode.
In comparison to the electrochemical oxidation of certain organic
compounds (e.g., phenol, 4-chlorophenol, 2-chlorophenol, salicylic
acid, catechol, maleic acid, oxalate, and urea), the ĪEE obtained
during AsĀ(III) oxidation (17.5%) was higher than that observed during
the oxidation of the above organic compounds (ĪEE = 3.0ā15.3%)
with the exception of phenol at 22.1%. The synergistic effect of AsĀ(III)
on H<sub>2</sub> production shows that an energetic byproduct can
be produced during the remediation of a significant inorganic pollutant
Effects of anodic potential and chloride ion on overall reactivity in electrochemical reactors designed for solar-powered wastewater treatment
We have investigated electrochemical treatment of real domestic wastewater coupled with simultaneous production of molecular H-2 as useful byproduct. The electrolysis cells employ multilayer semiconductor anodes with electroactive bismuth-doped TiO2 functionalities and stainless steel cathodes. DC-powered laboratory-scale electrolysis experiments were performed under static anodic potentials (+2.2 or +3.0 V NHE) using domestic wastewater samples, with added chloride ion in variable concentrations. Greater than 95% reductions in chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonium ion were achieved within 6 h. In addition, we experimentally determined a decreasing overall reactivity of reactive chlorine species toward COD with an increasing chloride ion concentration under chlorine radicals (Cl center dot, Cl-2(-)center dot) generation at +3.0 V NHE. The current efficiency for COD removal was 12% with the lowest specific energy consumption of 96 kWh kgCOD(-1) at the cell voltage of near 4 V in 50 mM chloride. The current efficiency and energy efficiency for H-2 generation were calculated to range from 34 to 84% and 14 to 26%, respectively. The hydrogen comprised 35 to 60% by volume of evolved gases. The efficacy of our electrolysis cell was further demonstrated by a 20 L prototype reactor totally powered by a photovoltaic (PV) panel, which was shown to eliminate COD and total coliform bacteria in less than 4 h of treatment.1145sciescopu
Effects of Anodic Potential and Chloride Ion on Overall Reactivity in Electrochemical Reactors Designed for Solar-Powered Wastewater Treatment
We
have investigated electrochemical treatment of real domestic
wastewater coupled with simultaneous production of molecular H<sub>2</sub> as useful byproduct. The electrolysis cells employ multilayer
semiconductor anodes with electroactive bismuth-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> functionalities and stainless steel cathodes. DC-powered laboratory-scale
electrolysis experiments were performed under static anodic potentials
(+2.2 or +3.0 V NHE) using domestic wastewater samples, with added
chloride ion in variable concentrations. Greater than 95% reductions
in chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonium ion were achieved within
6 h. In addition, we experimentally determined a decreasing overall
reactivity of reactive chlorine species toward COD with an increasing
chloride ion concentration under chlorine radicals (ClĀ·, Cl<sub>2</sub><sup>ā</sup>Ā·) generation at +3.0 V NHE. The current
efficiency for COD removal was 12% with the lowest specific energy
consumption of 96 kWh kgCOD<sup>ā1</sup> at the cell voltage
of near 4 V in 50 mM chloride. The current efficiency and energy efficiency
for H<sub>2</sub> generation were calculated to range from 34 to 84%
and 14 to 26%, respectively. The hydrogen comprised 35 to 60% by volume
of evolved gases. The efficacy of our electrolysis cell was further
demonstrated by a 20 L prototype reactor totally powered by a photovoltaic
(PV) panel, which was shown to eliminate COD and total coliform bacteria
in less than 4 h of treatment